<1. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Carrasco-Pozo C AU - Speisky H AU - Brunser O AU - Pastene E AU - Gotteland M TI - Apple peel polyphenols protect against gastrointestinal mucosa alterations induced by indomethacin in rats. SO - Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 59(12):6459-66, 2011 Jun 22. AB - The stability of an apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) with powerful antioxidant activity was evaluated under acidic conditions in vitro, and its protective effect against gastrointestinal damage was investigated in rats treated with indomethacin. The antioxidant activity of APPE remained stable at pH 2.0 for 4 h. In rats treated with indomethacin (40 mg/kg ig), the previous administration of APPE protected the gastric, intestinal, and colonic mucosa from oxidative stress by preventing increased malondialdehyde concentrations and decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio. APPE also displayed anti-inflammatory effects by preventing neutrophil infiltration in the mucosa, as evidenced by the lower myeloperoxidase activity. These protective effects of APPE resulted in the prevention of macro- and microscopic damage and of barrier dysfunction along the gastrointestinal tract of the indomethacin-treated animals. This study supports the concept that apple peel polyphenols may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated side effects. <2. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Fini L AU - Piazzi G AU - Daoud Y AU - Selgrad M AU - Maegawa S AU - Garcia M AU - Fogliano V AU - Romano M AU - Graziani G AU - Vitaglione P AU - Carmack SW AU - Gasbarrini A AU - Genta RM AU - Issa JP AU - Boland CR AU - Ricciardiello L TI - Chemoprevention of intestinal polyps in ApcMin/+ mice fed with western or balanced diets by drinking annurca apple polyphenol extract. SO - Cancer Prevention Research. 4(6):907-15, 2011 Jun. AB - The Western diet (WD) is associated with a higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) than the Mediterranean diet. Polyphenols extracted from Annurca apple showed chemopreventive properties in CRC cells. A multifactorial, four-arm study by using wild-type (wt) and Apc(Min/+) mice was carried out to evaluate the effect on polyp number and growth of APE treatment (60 mumol/L) ad libitum in drinking water combined with a WD or a balanced diet (BD) for 12 weeks. Compared with APE treatment, we found a significant drop in body weight (P < 0.0001), severe rectal bleeding (P = 0.0076), presence of extraintestinal tumors, and poorer activity status (P = 0.0034) in water-drinking Apc(Min/+) mice, more remarkably in the WD arm. In the BD and WD groups, APE reduced polyp number (35% and 42%, respectively, P < 0.001) and growth (60% and 52%, respectively, P < 0.0001) in both colon and small intestine. Increased antioxidant activity was found in wt animals fed both diets and in Apc(Min/+) mice fed WD and drinking APE. Reduced lipid peroxidation was found in Apc(Min/+) mice drinking APE fed both diets and in wt mice fed WD. In normal mucosa, mice drinking water had lower global levels of DNA methylation than mice drinking APE. APE treatment is highly effective in reducing polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice and supports the concept that a mixture of phytochemicals, as they are naturally present in foods, represent a plausible chemopreventive agent for CRC, particularly in populations at high risk for colorectal neoplasia. <3. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Xiang L AU - Sun K AU - Lu J AU - Weng Y AU - Taoka A AU - Sakagami Y AU - Qi J TI - Anti-aging effects of phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, on yeast via the SOD and Sir2 genes. SO - Bioscience, Biotechnology & Biochemistry. 75(5):854-8, 2011. AB - The anti-aging effects of phloridzin on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated by employing a replicative lifespan assay of the K6001 yeast strain. After administrating phloridzin at doses of 3, 10, and 30 microM, the lifespan of the yeast was significantly prolonged in comparison with the untreated group (p<0.01, p<0.001). To determine the mechanism of action, anti-oxidative experiments and ROS assay were performed. Phloridzin improved the viability of the yeast dose-dependently under oxidative stress by 7.5 mM H(2)O(2), and a low dose of phloridzin inhibited ROS of the yeast. Further, SOD1, SOD2, and Sir2 gene expression was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and was found to be significantly increased. Finally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and SIRT1 activity assays showed that phloridzin notably increased the activity of SOD and SIRT1. These results suggest that SOD and Sir2 have important roles in phloridzin-regulated lifespan extension of yeast, and potentially anti-aging effects for mammalian cells via SIRT1. <4. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Inaba H AU - Tagashira M AU - Kanda T AU - Amano A TI - Proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulated by Porphyromonas Gingivalis is Inhibited by Apple Polyphenol. SO - Journal of Periodontology. 82(11):1616-22, 2011 Nov. AB - Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of occlusive arterial lesions, whereas vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is considered to be involved in occlusive arterial disease. We previously showed that bacteremia caused by Pg infection induced proliferation of mouse aortic SMCs. Furthermore, human SMCs stimulated with human plasma incubated with Pg showed a marked transformation from the contractile to proliferative phenotype. In the present study, we examine the involvement of Pg gingipains and fimbriae in induction of the SMC transformation and proliferation, and effective inhibitors. Methods: Pg strains including gingipain- and fimbria-null mutants were incubated in human plasma, after which the bacteria were removed and the supernatants were added to cultured SMCs. To evaluate the effects of inhibitors, Pg organisms were incubated in plasma in the presence of apple polyphenol (AP), epigallocatechin gallate, KYT-1 (Arg-gingipain inhibitor), and KYT-36 (Lys-gingipain inhibitor). Results: Plasma supernatants from wild-type and fimbria-mutant cultures markedly stimulated cellular proliferation, whereas those containing gingipain-null mutants showed negligible effects. SMC proliferation was also induced by plasma treated with trypsin. Furthermore, plasma supernatants cultured in the presence of KYT-1/KYT-36 and AP showed significant inhibitory effects on SMC proliferation, whereas cultures with epigallocatechin gallate did not. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Pg gingipains are involved in the induction of SMC transformation and proliferation, whereas this was inhibited by AP. <5. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Volz RK AU - McGhie TK TI - Genetic Variability in Apple Fruit Polyphenol Composition in Malus x domestica and Malus sieversii Germplasm Grown in New Zealand. SO - Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 59(21):11509-21, 2011 Nov 9. AB - Variations in the concentrations of flavan-3-ol, oligomeric procyanidin, chlorogenic acid, dihydrochalcone, flavonol, and anthocyanin polyphenol groups and total polyphenols were examined in the fruit peel and cortical flesh of 93 (80 Malus x domestica and 13 Malus sieversii) apple genotypes in at least 1 year between 2003 and 2005 grown at one site in New Zealand (NZ). Differences among genotypes accounted for 46-97% of the total variation in the concentrations of total polyphenols and each of the individual phenol groups in the flesh and peel in both species, whereas effects of year and genotype x year were minimal, except for peel flavonols in M. x domestica and flesh flavonols in both species. In these cases, differences among genotypes accounted for less than 30% of the total variation, which was less than the variation found for the interaction between genotype and year. Total polyphenol concentrations among genotypes were spread over a 7- and 9-fold range in the flesh and a 4- and 3-fold range in the peel of M. sieversii and M. x domestica, respectively, with the spread in concentrations of individual polyphenol groups in each tissue and within each species varying from a 2-fold to over a 500-fold range. Higher concentrations were generally found in M. sieversii. In M. x domestica, cultivars and breeding selections originating in NZ had lower average flesh and peel total polyphenols and chlorogenic acid than older cultivars previously imported into NZ from overseas countries. <6. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Carrasco-Pozo C AU - Gotteland M AU - Speisky H TI - Apple Peel Polyphenol Extract Protects against Indomethacin-Induced Damage in Caco-2 Cells by Preventing Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition. SO - Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 59(21):11501-8, 2011 Nov 9. AB - The aim of this work was to investigate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity induced by indomethacin and to evaluate the potential of an apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) in protecting against these events. Indomethacin induced, time-dependently, mitochondrial and oxidative perturbations which led to cell losses. An inhibition of complex I activity, shown for first time here, which resulted in a concomitant drop in cellular ATP and an increment in mitochondrial superoxide production, was observed after 10 min of exposure. These early cytotoxicity-triggering events were followed by an increase in the intracellular production of superoxide (20 min), an elevation in the activity of xanthine oxidase which led to an increased lipid peroxidation (30 min), and a decline in cell viability which manifested after 40 min. These events were selectively prevented using allopurinol, tempol and APPE (a standardized apple peel polyphenol extract). While the oxidative and cell lytic effects of indomethacin were equally prevented by the three agents, only APPE protected against complex I inhibition and its downstream oxidative consequences. Since tempol (a SOD mimetic) prevented the elevation in xanthine oxidase activity, and allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) totally abolished the increment in lipid peroxidation and loss of cell viability, it appears that a superoxide-dependent increase in xanthine oxidase activity is critical to trigger cytotoxicity. Thus, preventing the early increment in superoxide formation that, as a result of inhibiting complex I, takes place within mitochondria would be key toward protecting the cells against the oxidative and cytolytic effects of indomethacin. The ability of APPE in preventing the inhibition of complex I and the subsequent superoxide-dependent increase in XO activity warrants further studies to evaluate the mechanism involves in the protecting effect of APPE against the indomethacin-associated adverse effects in vivo. <7. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Anonymous TI - Soluble fiber helps reduce visceral fat. An apple a day, along with a cup of beans, could help reduce the dangerous fat that lies deep in the abdomen and surrounds vital organs. SO - Duke Medicine Health News. 17(10):4-5, 2011 Oct. <8. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Kahle K AU - Kempf M AU - Schreier P AU - Scheppach W AU - Schrenk D AU - Kautenburger T AU - Hecker D AU - Huemmer W AU - Ackermann M AU - Richling E TI - Intestinal transit and systemic metabolism of apple polyphenols. SO - European Journal of Nutrition. 50(7):507-22, 2011 Oct. AB - BACKGROUND: Apples are the most widely consumed fruits in Germany and various other countries. Positive health effects of apple-derived polyphenols in vivo depend on their absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination from the body after consumption. Data on the metabolism of these polyphenols in humans are scarce. In order to study the intestinal transit and metabolism of apple polyphenols in humans, a variety of experiments were carried out. METHODS: Polyphenols were incubated with saliva (for 5 min), simulated gastric or duodenal juice (4 or 10 h, respectively), or rat hepatocytes (4 h) under aerobic conditions, and with ileostomy fluid under aerobic conditions for 10 h. The polyphenol profile in human serum (8 h later) and renal elimination in urine (24 h later) were also investigated after consumption of 1 L apple juice. Polyphenols and their metabolites were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), HPLC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), and gas chromatography (GC)-MS. RESULTS: In the presence of native saliva or ileostomy fluid, beta-glycosides of phloretin and quercetin were hydrolyzed, to varying degrees depending on the sugar moiety, and to much lesser degrees in the presence of antibiotics. In the gastric milieu, almost complete degradation of procyanidin B(2) to (-)-epicatechin was observed. In the presence of artificial duodenal juice flavan-3-ol epimerization occurred. Quercetin was completely converted to phloroglucinol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Formation of isomeric products of hydroxycinnamic acid esters and their corresponding methyl esters was also observed, and similar results were obtained after incubation with rat hepatocytes. Products of phase II metabolism, two phloretin O-glucuronides and eight (methyl) quercetin O-glucuronides, were identified in the hepatocyte samples. Following enzymatic hydrolysis, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, caffeic acid, (-)-epicatechin, phloretin, and quercetin were recovered in both serum and urine (5.3% and 3.5% of the amounts consumed, respectively). In addition, 19.5% of the polyphenols consumed were identified in the urine in the form of hydroxylated phenolic and hippuric acids. CONCLUSION: The findings relating to the absorption, metabolism, and systemic availability of polyphenols in vivo should contribute to our understanding of their biological effects, and the characterization of newly formed metabolites should facilitate further studies. <9. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Wersching H TI - An apple a day keeps stroke away?: consumption of white fruits and vegetables is associated with lower risk of stroke. SO - Stroke. 42(11):3001-2, 2011 Nov. <10. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Hooshmand S AU - Chai SC AU - Saadat RL AU - Payton ME AU - Brummel-Smith K AU - Arjmandi BH TI - Comparative effects of dried plum and dried apple on bone in postmenopausal women. SO - British Journal of Nutrition. 106(6):923-30, 2011 Sep. AB - Aside from existing drug therapies, certain lifestyle and nutritional factors are known to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Among the nutritional factors, dried plum or prunes (Prunus domestica L.) is the most effective fruit in both preventing and reversing bone loss. The objective of the present study was to examine the extent to which dried plum reverses bone loss in osteopenic postmenopausal women. We recruited 236 women, 1-10 years postmenopausal, not on hormone replacement therapy or any other prescribed medication known to influence bone metabolism. Qualified participants (n 160) were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups: dried plum (100[NON-BREAKING SPACE]g/d) or dried apple (comparative control). Participants received 500[NON-BREAKING SPACE]mg Ca plus 400[NON-BREAKING SPACE]IU (10[NON-BREAKING SPACE]mug) vitamin D daily. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine, forearm, hip and whole body was assessed at baseline and at the end of the study using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months to assess bone biomarkers. Physical activity recall and 1-week FFQ were obtained at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months to examine physical activity and dietary confounders as potential covariates. Dried plum significantly increased BMD of ulna and spine in comparison with dried apple. In comparison with corresponding baseline values, only dried plum significantly decreased serum levels of bone turnover markers including bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b. The findings of the present study confirmed the ability of dried plum in improving BMD in postmenopausal women in part due to suppressing the rate of bone turnover. <11. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Kosmala M AU - Kolodziejczyk K AU - Zdunczyk Z AU - Juskiewicz J AU - Boros D TI - Chemical composition of natural and polyphenol-free apple pomace and the effect of this dietary ingredient on intestinal fermentation and serum lipid parameters in rats. SO - Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 59(17):9177-85, 2011 Sep 14. AB - Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. To measure the animal response to dietary treatments, parameters describing cecal fermentation and lipoprotein profile were assessed. The dietary use of 5% unprocessed pomace caused an increase in cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and a decrease in blood triacylglycerols, leading to a drop in serum atherogenic index. Ethanol-extracted pomace increased the glycolytic activity of cecal microbiota and decreased cecal branched-chain fatty acid production, whereas acetone extraction led to lower cecal ammonia concentration, decreased colonic pH value, and higher HDL/total cholesterol ratio. The variations in the atherogenic index indicate flavonoids as the key pomace component in relation to blood lipid profile benefits. <12. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Fratianni F AU - Coppola R AU - Nazzaro F TI - Phenolic composition and antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing activity of an ethanolic extract of peels from the apple cultivar annurca. SO - Journal of Medicinal Food. 14(9):957-63, 2011 Sep. AB - This study investigated the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of an ethanolic extract from the peel of the Annurca (Malus domestica var. Annurca), which is widespread in the Campania region of southern Italy. The antimicrobial effect of the extract on different pathogens was also examined. The potential antiquorum sensing activity of the extract was tested by using the microorganism Chromobacterium violaceum. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography revealed that rutin, epicatechin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, and caffeic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extract; these compounds constituted 27.43%, 24.93%, 16.14%, and 15.3% of the total phenols, respectively. The test for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical-scavenging activity showed that the extract possessed an impressive antioxidant capacity (50% effective concentration of 2.50 mug/g of product). Furthermore, the extract clearly exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (11- to 14-mm diameter of inhibition halo, depending on the strain) and Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (10-mm diameter of inhibition halo). No activity was observed against the probiotic lactobacilli tested or against Staphylococcus aureus. Antiquorum sensing activity was reported for the first time for apple extracts. In conclusion, these results indicate the potential of this extract for treating some microbial infections through cell growth inhibition or quorum sensing antagonism, thereby validating the health benefits of apples. <13. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Toda T AU - Sunagawa T AU - Kanda T AU - Tagashira M AU - Shirasawa T AU - Shimizu T TI - Apple Procyanidins Suppress Amyloid beta-Protein Aggregation. SO - Biochemistry Research International. 2011:784698, 2011. AB - Procyanidins (PCs) are major components of the apple polyphenols (APs). We previously reported that treatment with PC extended the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (Sunagawa et al., 2011). In order to estimate the neuroprotective effects of PC, we investigated the antiaggregative activity of PC on amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) aggregation, which is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. We herein report that PC significantly suppressed Abeta42 aggregation and dissociated Abeta42 aggregates in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that PC is a potent suppressor of Abeta aggregation. Furthermore, PC significantly inhibited Abeta42 neurotoxicity and stimulated proliferation in PC-12 cells. These results suggested that the PC and AP acted as neuroprotective factors against toxic Abeta aggregates. <14. > VN - Ovid Technologies DB - Ovid MEDLINE(R) AU - Vafa MR AU - Haghighatjoo E AU - Shidfar F AU - Afshari S AU - Gohari MR AU - Ziaee A TI - Effects of apple consumption on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic and overweight men. SO - International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2(2):94-100, 2011 Apr. AB - OBJECTIVES: Fruits and vegetables may be beneficial on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic subjects. The present study was aimed to verify the effect of golden delicious apple on Lipid Profile in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. METHODS: Forty six hyperlipidemic and overweight men were randomly divided into two groups. Intervention group received 300g golden delicious apple per day for 8 weeks. Control group had the regular dietary regimen for the same period of time. Blood samples were analyzed for serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), lipoprotein a (Lp a) and LDL/HDL ratio at baseline and after intervention. RESULTS: Total polyphenols and fibers were 485 mg/kg and 4.03 g/100g in fresh apple respectively. After 8 weeks, significant statistical differences were observed considering the TG and VLDL levels between two groups, but no significant differences were observed regarding TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo (B), Lp (a) and LDL/HDL ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of Golden delicious apple may be increased serum TG and VLDL in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. We need more studies to assay the effect of apple consumption on serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo (B), Lp (a) and LDL/HDL ratio.